the population, and so economic growth. To our knowledge, this is the only possibility for the inequality to be "bought …

presence of inequality, however, it deviates or refracts from the ideal condition. In this paper, I try to measure economic … inequality from the index of refraction. First, I compute such an index for each stratum to evaluate condition in each and then … add all to propose an overall measure of economic inequality, which appears to be a standardised measure of the length of …

distributions. Social planners commonly use two SWFs: SWFε implied by income inequality aversion (ε) and SWFv implied by rank … inequality aversion (v). However, a voluntary choice of ε or v may result in inconsistent assessments of social welfare embodied … consistent assessments of social welfare, inequality and poverty embodied in a given income distribution. Methods: We propose …