presence of inequality, however, it deviates or refracts from the ideal condition. In this paper, I try to measure economic … inequality from the index of refraction. First, I compute such an index for each stratum to evaluate condition in each and then … add all to propose an overall measure of economic inequality, which appears to be a standardised measure of the length of …

bimodality disappeared in subsequent years. Inequality and poverty decreased in accordance with a three-phase pattern over the … period. Whether clones are scaled to GDP or HFCE matters when evaluating inequality and poverty levels, but not when …

consistent assessments of social welfare, inequality and poverty embodied in a given income distribution. Methods: We propose … distributions. Social planners commonly use two SWFs: SWFε implied by income inequality aversion (ε) and SWFv implied by rank … inequality aversion (v). However, a voluntary choice of ε or v may result in inconsistent assessments of social welfare embodied …