example, report contradictory effects of education and compulsory schooling on mortality – ranging from zero to large … mortality reductions. Using data from 19 compulsory schooling reforms implemented in Europe during the twentieth century, we … quantify the mean mortality effect and explore its dispersion across gender, time and countries. We find that men benefit from …

estimation, using data with self-reported periods of hunger earlier in life, with famines as instruments. The data contain … estimation to deal with imperfect recollection of conditions at very early stages of life. The estimated average causal effects …

. I find that infant mortality at birth is positively related to hypertension, even allowing for cohort effects, and …