despite reduced transfers. We find precise zero effects on total health expenditures for both mothers and children. However …, composition changes, including fewer family physician visits, indicate that mothers had less time to seek health care. We find …

Numerous studies have evaluated the effect of nutrition early in life on health much later in life by comparing …. In this paper we estimate this average causal effect on health outcomes later in life, by applying instrumental variable … estimation, using data with self-reported periods of hunger earlier in life, with famines as instruments. The data contain …

While much is now known about the effects of physical health shocks to pregnant women on the outcomes of the in …