We ask whether recent changes in monetary policy due to the financial crisis will be temporary or permanent. We present evidence from two surveys - one of central bank governors, the other of academic specialists. We find that central banks in crisis countries are more likely to have resorted to...

We examine the bilateral composition of international bond portfolios for the euro area and the individual EMU member countries. We find considerable support for euro area biasʺ: EMU member countries disproportionately invest in one another relative to other country pairs. Another striking...

Does the general public know what central banks do? Is this kind of knowledge relevant? Using a survey of Dutch households, we investigate these questions for the case of the European Central Bank (ECB). Our findings suggest that knowledge on the ECB's objectives is far from perfect. Both a weak...