This paper extends Boone (2008) by introducing a competition measure at the individual firm level rather than for an … and measures competition vis-à-vis other market participants. We apply this extended Boone indicator to individual bank …-level competition in the loan market in the four largest euro area countries and Austria. The MRP distribution is skewed to the left and …

We study empirically how competition among high-frequency traders (HFTs) affects their trading behavior and market …-frequency competition, and contains an exogenous event - a tick size reform - which we use to disentangle the effects of the rising share of … high-frequency trading in the market from the effects of high-frequency competition. We find that when HFTs compete, their …