This paper shows that regional trade integration shifts the burden of the exchange rate adjustment towards the less … integrated trading partners. Thus, they bear the cost of trade balance expansion, while competitive exchange rate moves vis …-a-vis RTA trading partners result in no expansion or deterioration of the overall trade balance. First, using the data on 138 …

and deeper paperless trade provisions than those featured in the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement. A more detailed …Digital trade facilitation refers to the application of modern information and communication technologies (ICTs) to … simplify and automate international trade procedures. It is rapidly becoming essential to maintaining trade competitiveness and …

, south of, and across the Caspian Sea. Since 1500, maritime transport has dominated trade between Europe and East Asia … from 1917 to 1991. Practically all the trade links ran north to the Russian Federation. In the 21st century, with the …, for trade in other goods, new transport corridors opened up more slowly until, in the 2010s, the PRC - EU rail links began …

Transportation corridors and reduced trade costs are essential to develop Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation … (CAREC) countries' foreign trade. However, to intensify intra-CAREC trade as well as the region's global exports, the product … as trade policy, coordination of sectoral policies, diversification, and business reforms. In particular, the countries …

Trade statistics portray the People's Republic of China (PRC) as the largest exporter of high-tech products. In this … paper I will argue that the PRC's leading position in high-tech exports is a myth created by outdated trade statistics which … are inconsistent with trade based on global supply chains. Current trade statistics mistakenly credit entire values of …

audiovisual industries also play an important cultural role. This study reviews the main forces driving patterns of trade in … audiovisual (mainly television and film) and identifies key issues that may potentially impact on trade liberalization and open … markets. It analyzes economic aspects of the audiovisual sector and how these influence patterns of international trade. The …

's supranationality is unthinkable elsewhere. This paper discusses how Europe overcame the specific problem of overlapping free trade …

mediates productivity spillovers from services to manufacturing firms in a region. Using the World Bank's Services Trade … Restrictions database, the results suggest that lower regulations in mode 1 and mode 3 services trade increase spillovers from …