The cost of finance has a relatively high impact on the returns and viability of clean energy projects compared with fossil fuel-based energy projects, because the operating costs for renewable energy projects are very low. Credit risk assessment and ratings, which have usually been an...

A common struggle across energy efficiency programs is the creation of sustainable private sector markets that reduce the energy demand. The purpose of this study is to outline the best practice for achieving smart public programs that overcome the main energy efficiency challenges and leverage...

Pakistan had been mired in a crippling energy crisis for several years but is experiencing a rapid turnaround in the energy sector with several new projects coming online. However, the interventions undertaken by the government rely heavily on imported fuel such as oil, coal, and LNG. An...

This paper develops an environmental dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (E-DSGE) model with heterogeneous production sectors. In particular, the model comprises some low-carbon emission firms that finance their investments and production only through banking loans, and high-carbon emission...

Responsibility for financial and macroeconomic stability implicitly or explicitly lies with the central bank, which therefore ought to address climate-related and other environmental risks on a systemic level. Furthermore, central banks, through their regulatory oversight over money, credit, and...

India's energy sector is experiencing a transition with increasing penetration of renewable energy in the energy mix. One of the major impediments in the process of such a transition is to secure the necessary finance to achieve the transformative goal of producing 175 gigawatts of renewables by...