countries. France, Germany, and Italy have large pay-as-you-go pension systems and vulnerable labor markets. At the same time …

service. Three empirical findings emerge: First, the overall employment size of women-owned businesses shrank more than men …-owned businesses after the pandemic outbreak; second, women were more likely than men to cut personal expenditures and use government … service areas of both incumbents and entrants shrinking over time. These results have implications for policies on women …

-positive women in India were infected by their husbands, their only sexual partner, which makes them difficult identify as a high … serostatus, as HIV-positive women were significantly (p<0.001) more likely to have a low level of education than their HIV … had attended secondary or higher education institutions (OR=2.27, CI=1.40 - 3.68). Results illustrate that Indian women …

disaster and interview three female agricultural workers in Japan. In the recovery process after a natural disaster, women are … women in agricultural production and that these women have strong adaptive abilities. …

marketplaces. Married women, who typically reduce the time they allocate to work due to their responsibility to take care of their … women who are the owners or managers of MSEs and also the probability of working for them. We employ IV estimates, and use … working hours of married women. In addition, we find that married women in urban areas increase their working hours when they …