This paper surveys studies of the importance of Central Asian small- and medium-sized enterprises (SME) in the economy and their experience during the Russian financial crisis. It also uses survey data from the World Bank and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development's Business...

Green finance, or the issuance of green bonds, has gained strong momentum around the world. Some Asian countries such as the People's Republic of China and Japan are very active in green finance. This study reviews how green finance in Singapore is working, examines existing barriers, and...

This paper investigates the determinants of corporate green bond issuance using annual firm-level data for 300 issuers of green bonds, which issued green bonds over the period 2017-2021. Using the Poisson fixed-effects models we find that bond-specific characteristics, such as maturity, coupon...

This study examines the recently revived credit guarantee fund (KGF) mechanism in Turkey from a comparative historical perspective and identifies the structural features of the Turkish economy that complicate access to finance for SMEs. The banking-based financial system in Turkey, state banks...

This paper seeks to add to the current debate about financial development and growth in the emerging world by looking at how different financial systems evolve: how and why financial structures change during various stages of development, how best to measure them, and seeing what practical...

This chapter reviews theoretical and empirical research on the relationship between legal systems and innovation and culture and innovation. We highlight legal and cultural forces that encourage innovation activities, including strong patent protection, entrepreneur-friendly bankruptcy laws, and...

The recent global financial crisis reflects numerous breakdowns in the prudential discipline of financial firms. This paper discusses ways to strengthen micro- and macroprudential supervision and restore credible market discipline. The discussion notes that microprudential supervisors are...

Tajikistan's outlook for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) remains challenging as it continues to recover from economic downturn. The SME sector is small but steadily growing in terms of value addition and share of total employment, although access to finance remains poor and financial...

One of the major issues for SME development has been access to finance. This paper examines the current state of SME development and financing in Kazakhstan. It also examines the current state of the development of value chains and discusses barriers for agriculture value chain financing. The...

This paper describes the common financing challenges faced by micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) in India and some important measures taken to address them, with a focus on the credit rating scheme implemented in 2000. It examines the usefulness as well as the limitations of the...