In this paper we examine the changing nature of Japan's commercial policy over the last 25 years while reviewing Japan …'s changing structure of trade, FDI and economy that underlay policy changes. We argue that until the late 1990s Japan adopted a … two-track approach of relying on multilateral liberalization under the GATT/WTO and open regionalism under Asia …

crisis has discouraged United States (US) private consumption, which in turn has significantly reduced exports from Asia …. However, Asia's private consumption is at a very low level even when compared with the current reduced US private consumption …

This study describes the development of regional financial arrangements in Asia and Europe, assesses their effects on … financial stability, and draws lessons for Asia from European experience. One of its main conclusions is that Asia needs to … achieving this include great power rivalries between Japan and the People's Republic of China and lingering concerns about …

Northeast Asia - the People's Republic of China (PRC), the Republic of Korea, and Japan ‒ in responding to financial crises. The … difficulties revealed in the crisis, while Northeast Asia (and in fact ASEAN+3) is a model of nonintegration with a limited set of …

FDI inflows to developing Asia in recent years, with Japan being the single largest investor. Intra-developing Asian flows …This paper investigates sources and determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) flows to developing Asia using … bilateral FDI flows for the period 1990-2005. The Triad (composed of Japan, EU, and the US) has accounted for about 35-40% of …

Asia and the Pacific, and particularly for emerging Asian economies, which are heavily dependent on imported energy and … resources. Acknowledging this fact, individual governments in Asia have recently been taking effective actions in the form of … capital, some of which are very specific to developing Asia. Different sector policies - such as in trade and environment …

Europe and Asia followed very different paths to economic integration after 1945. By 2000, an economic union with free … integration agreements were absent from Asia, although countries in East and Southeast Asia were becoming linked in global value …-called WTO+ issues). The outcome will be greater economic integration in Europe and Asia of countries seeking to benefit from …

This paper examines the effect of institutions on macrofinancial resilience in Asia. Focusing on a panel of 12 Asian …

portfolio equity and debt investment flows are negatively related to total factor productivity (TFP) in developing Asia, thereby … direct investment, although we find that there is no direct allocation puzzle in developing Asia, financial development can …