become and remain competitive. Although many studies have focused on these negative effects, the links between pollution and … pollution and city growth, and how it correlates with city competitiveness. Although high-income cities are usually better at … managing pollution, the paper finds successful examples of fast-growing, lower-income cities that are able to tackle this issue …

is used to study a spatial time series of pollution and household expenditure data in Indonesia. The analysis finds that … fewer parameters. The results suggest that growth in household expenditures precedes pollution reduction, particularly after … the expenditures of poorer households increase; that increasing pollution is followed by reduced growth in expenditures …