growth, and whether the female leader performance disparity hinges on the underlying environment. Female-headed firms account … productivity growth, compared with male-headed firms. The disadvantage is mainly in manufacturing firms, largely nonexistent in …

-border traders - many of whom are women - face harassment and corruption, which can undermine these potential gains. This paper … procedures, tariffs, and rights to small-scale traders to facilitate border crossings, lower corruption, and reduce gender …

diversity in the larger countries implies that such countries may find it harder to reach a consensus on growth-enhancing anti-corruption …What sorts of conditions make some countries more prone to corruption than the others? This is an important question … for understanding how corruption arises and how to combat it. The present paper attempts to answer this question by …

Using firm-level data from more than 39,000 firms in 111 economies, this paper tests the hypothesis that corruption … between corruption and firm productivity when regulation is high and an insignificant relationship when it is low. These …

reforms in the 1990s, the country has experienced an annual average growth rate of 6-7 percent, and extreme poverty rate has … fallen from over 50 percent to 3 percent. Yet, the rapid growth and decentralization process have brought significant …