multiple countries. It focuses on the categories of spending that are naturally inflexible--wages, pensions, transfers to … is a result of a high degree of spending rigidity. Despite being a common complaint, the issue has remained largely … comparability. This report helps close this gap by introducing a new measure of spending rigidities that can be easily applied to …

fisheries, that make a significant contribution to the economy of Krasnodar Krai and where challenges and unsustainable patterns … the implementation of the Common Maritime Agenda (CMA) for prioritizing and catalyzing blue economy investments in the …

transfers. The findings show that the system is progressive and contributes to reductions in poverty and inequality. The Gini … a large share of the budget (around 2.5 percent of gross domestic product). These two factors, and the fact that up to a … 35 percent of total expenditures in monetary and in-kind transfers is funded by corporate taxes and royalties-which are …

analyzes the combined and individual incidence of direct and indirect taxes, transfers, and social spending and benchmarks … Turkey, driven by social spending on education and health, and complemented by direct taxes and transfer schemes that … countervail the inequality-increasing impact of indirect taxes. At the bottom of the income distribution, targeted transfers are …

The impact of drought on household welfare is the cumulative effect of crop losses and price changes in a local economy … effects in districts with food versus cash transfers suggests that cash transfers do not have inflationary effects on grain …

-in-differences and synthetic control methods, this paper examines the effects of this shift on trade flows. The analysis finds that trade … examines 35 products that are partially 3D printed and finds positive and significant effects on trade. The results counter … widespread views that 3D printing will shorten supply chains and reduce trade …