In declaring 2012 the international year of sustainable energy for all, the United Nations (UN) general assembly (2011 … goals are to ensure universal access to modern energy services (including electricity and clean, modern cooking solutions …), to double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency, and to double the share of renewable energy in the global …

has a special focus on the corrosive nature of the large energy subsidies in MENA. The MENA region is currently … undermining agriculture. The report shows how energy subsidies have contributed to these development challenges. Reforming these …