This paper examines how policy governing the liner shipping sector affects maritime transport costs and seaborne trade …

emissions. A carbon charge on fuels for international aviation and shipping equal to $25 per tonne of emitted CO2 could raise … about $12 billion from aviation and about $26 billion from shipping by 2020. Market-based instruments ought to be used to …

This paper surveys the recent literature exploring the causes of urban pollution in the developing world and the …

major tool in the trade policy arsenal. The paper examines these concerns in light of important ways in which the world …

of bank competition on firms' access to finance. They find that low competition, as measured by high values of the Lerner … firms' access to finance. In addition, they find that the impact of competition on access to finance depends on the … information, can mitigate the damaging impact of low competition. But other characteristics, such as high government bank …

methodology to include a trade in services element to yield a universal matrix of world trade and thus provide a more complete …

competition is needed to reduce costs. Completing and maintaining SADC's infrastructure will require $2.1 billion annually for a …