persistence, and women's occupational constraints-- with particular emphasis on the role of access to infrastructure. The first … several gender-based or gender-related experiments -- a reduction in the cost of child rearing, improved wage equality in the … promoting the role of women in growth strategies …

This paper draws on history, anthropology, and economics to examine the dynamics and extent of women's contribution to … growth and economic development in post-colonial Africa. The paper investigates the paradox of increased female enrollment in … education and the persistence of gender discrimination in labor force participation; it also considers the overwhelming …

's economic marginalization in Sub-Saharan Africa from the pre-colonial period to the end of colonial rule. It is not that women …." Reviewing the processes of production and reproduction, it explains why most slaves in pre-colonial Africa were women and …Bringing together history and economics, this paper presents a historical and processual understanding of women …

respond to declining income with coping strategies that can vary significantly by gender. In the past, women from low …Do women weather economic shocks differently than men? The evidence shows this to be the case, especially in low …-income countries. The first-round impacts of economic crises on women's employment should be particularly salient in the current …

This report reviews the literature on the links between energy access, welfare, and gender in order to provide evidence … on where gender considerations in the energy sector matter and how they might be addressed. Prepared as a background … document for the 2012 World Development Report on Gender Equality and Development, and part of the Social Development …