This paper proposes a model-based approach to estimate income boundaries for identifying the middle class in Kazakhstan … over 2003-15. The approach exploits the subjective evaluation of Kazakhstan households about their social status, relating … self-declared social class membership to income. Income data come from the Kazakhstan Household Budget Survey, which also …

In this paper the authors use a computable general equilibrium model of the Kazakhstan economy to assess the impact of … accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO), which encompasses (1) improved market access; (2) Kazakhstan tariff reduction … based on detailed questionnaires completed by specialized research institutes in Kazakhstan. They estimate that Kazakhstan …

Kazakhstan's cities are hubs of economic opportunity and prosperity. But despite the government's ambitious targets … Kazakhstan's cities, and (ii) the near absence of a rental housing market outside the capital, Astana. The findings show that the …