Informal employment is ubiquitous in developing countries, but few studies have estimated workers'switching costs … between informal and formal employment. This paper builds on the empirical literature grounded in discrete choice models to … employment are significantly lower than the costs of entry in formal employment. Simulations of labor-market adjustments caused …

Estimates of labor mobility costs are needed to assess the responses of employment and wages to trade shocks when … estimator matches the changes in observed sectoral employment allocations with the predicted allocations from a model of costly …

This paper examines the employment growth of Indian districts from 2000 to 2010 in the manufacturing and services … with low population density. Diversity correlates with disproportionately higher employment growth in the informal sector … and plays a role in generating employment in the district's smaller industries. These findings point toward the "inclusive …

, the unorganized sector is large, accounting for more than 99 percent of establishments and 80 percent of employment in … manufacturing. Second, the unorganized sector is stubbornly persistent -- it accounted for 81 percent of manufacturing employment in … states show limited change in unorganized sector employment shares. Fourth, the degree to which localized unorganized …

of employment emerge, a key question is whether this pattern is replicated. This paper examines this question by focusing … the information and communications technology sector. The program appears to have succeeded only in shifting employment to …