In many cases, the relationship between environmental pollution and economic development can be generally depicted by … an inverted U-shaped curve, or an environmental Kuznets curve, where pollution increases with income at the beginning and … and yet environmental pollution also needs to be carefully controlled. This study analyzes the impacts of economic …

"Ecosystem services" has become a catch-phrase for the complex connections between the natural environment and human … near term. This perception can make policymakers reluctant to support environmental protection. Where the environment is a …

The fallout of nitrogen pollution is considered one of the largest global externalities facing the world, impacting air …, Vietnam, and 33 African countries to analyze the causal links between pollution exposure experienced during the very earliest … stages of life and later-life health. The results show that pollution exposure experienced in the critical years of …

This paper revisits the issue of environment and development raised in the 1992 World Development Report, with new … deforestation, pollution, and carbon intensities. Per capita emissions follow a $J$-curve. Specifically, poverty reduction occurs …

This paper surveys the recent literature exploring the causes of urban pollution in the developing world and the … implications of such pollution for a city's competitiveness. Within a system of cities, cities compete for jobs and people. Those … pollution inhibit urban competitiveness? Second, why is this effect likely to grow in importance over time? Third, why have …