There is substantial evidence that with the progressive global decline in tariffs over several decades, trade costs are … a more significant barrier to trade than tariffs, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper decomposes trade costs … into three categories: costs that can be lowered by trade facilitation, nontariff barriers, and the costs of business …

international trade as well as trade and immigration policy. An aging society can see a welfare-reducing reduction in its share of … manufacturing output and this reduction is magnified by a decrease in trade costs (an increase in globalization). Immigration can …

economic and export diversification. This paper discusses how to promote trade in services as a channel for growth, employment …, and diversification by assessing services trade costs and identifying policies that contribute to their reduction: a … concept termed trade facilitation in services. It summarizes the latest research on the costs facing trade in services beyond …

In 2016, the Government of India proposed negotiations on an agreement to facilitate trade in services to complement … the 2013 World Trade Organization Trade Facilitation Agreement in goods. The proposal did not find much support, but … plurilateral talks launched in 2017 on various policy areas encompass areas that are very relevant from a services trade …

The growing importance of services trade for countries across the world is well-documented in the services and trade … internationally have resulted in very low shares of "Mode 4" trade in total services trade. Against this background, this paper … conceptualizes an agenda for trade facilitation in services as it would apply to the movement of natural persons. It also provides …

This paper uses a case study approach to explore the effects of NAFTA and GATT membership on innovation and trade in …

collar employment in Uruguay during a period of trade liberalization when average tariff protection fell from 43 to 14 … percent. The authors' policy analysis shows that trade openness affected the adjustment functions of all three factors of …. This suggests that trade protection may in fact destroy rather than create jobs within industries, as firms in highly …