-Samuelson adjusted real exchange rates, and poor trade performance. In Armenia and Georgia, where remittances are a smaller share of … gross domestic product, the effects were much more muted and their trade performance was much better …

The paper reviews labor market developments in the transition economies of Europe and Central Asia. It argues that the … facing the transition economies. In the European transition economies the lack of jobs has led to persistent open … productivity employment). Unemployment in the European transition economies is supported by the developed social safety net. In …

, trade competition, and regulations) …

growth and mitigate the risks from external shocks associated with the global environment in the transition from the global …