climate stabilization. In addition, this paper provides cost-effective pathways of the carbon content of electricity …This paper covers three policy-relevant aspects of the carbon content of electricity that are well established among … requires electricity to be almost carbon-free by the end of the century. As such, the question for policy makers is not whether …

strategies: a regulation of all emissions with a carbon price and a regulation of emissions embedded in new capital only, using … capital-based instruments such as investment regulation, differentiation of capital costs, or a carbon tax with temporary … possibly through under-utilization of brown capital. Capital-based instruments and the carbon price lead to the same long …

policy. This study focuses on options to scale down energy consumption and carbon emissions now and in the future, and on the … costs of doing so. Two ways carbon emissions can be reduced post-investment include retrofitting the infrastructure, or … retrofit costs can also be substantially reduced, the more so the larger is ex ante cost uncertainty. However, the availability …

support (implementing comprehensive carbon taxation). These modalities are compared with conventional finance for which donors … have lower willingness to pay. High-income countries' willingness to pay is higher when mitigation is combined with carbon …

deforestation, pollution, and carbon intensities. Per capita emissions follow a $J$-curve. Specifically, poverty reduction occurs … alongside degrading local environments and higher income growth poses a global burden through carbon. Local economic structure …

mitigation measures, such as carbon prices applied to bunker fuels in the range of 10 to 50 USD/ton of carbon dioxide, might … of goods (by less than 1 percent). For transport choices, the increased cost of maritime transport induced by greenhouse …, a global carbon tax applied to all transport modes might stimulate a shift toward maritime transport from all other …

This paper considers the impacts of "finance blending" whereby climate finance is added to international carbon markets … for offset trading. The paper first discusses climate finance and the carbon market as free-standing finance solutions by … all participating countries face a similar and robust carbon price. With finance blending and "all attribution to the …

previous literature, but is still large enough for the cost of adopting biogas to be significantly reduced via carbon offsets … at a modest carbon price of $10 per ton of CO2e when using central estimates of emission factors and global warming …

Reduction of carbon emissions from deforestation and forest degradation has been identified as a cost effective element … difficult to sustain the higher the opportunity cost of forest conservation is relative to the value of the carbon offsets from …-enforcement in a repeated transaction framework. The paper derives an opportunity cost function for land use and characterizes the …