alienability, and identifies the possibility of a reverse structural change where the share of nonagricultural employment declines … on manufacturing and services employment, rural wages, and per capita household consumption. The evidence on the … disaggregated occupational choices suggests that land restrictions increase wage employment in agriculture, but reduce it in …

explanation behind these findings may be economic and cultural. Jobless growth and the lack of growth in employment sectors such … as manufacturing and services, which proved critical for female employment in other countries, weaken labor demand and …

-conflict or low-conflict areas. Employment rates are higher in large part because women participate more in the labor market, but … work tends to be more vulnerable, with more self-employment and unpaid family work. The authors show that these differences …

, the determinants and dynamics of individuals' participation in off-farm employment activities have not received adequate … individual-level off-farm (wage and self) employment participation rates; analyzes the extent and drivers of entry into off …-farm employment and continued employment; and conducts the analysis by gender and rural/urban location. A significant share of the …

-hour basis. What look like large productivity gaps in national accounts data could really be employment gaps, calling into … question the prospective gains that laborers can achieve through structural transformation. These employment gaps, along with …

not experienced growth in employment, a phenomenon observed elsewhere in transitional economies and labeled as jobless …

moved from low productivity agriculture to higher productivity services and manufacturing. Although the employment share in … manufacturing is not expanding rapidly, in most of the low-income African countries the employment share in manufacturing has not … shifts in employment shares for future growth and development in Africa south of the Sahara …