electricity to illicit uses can increase overall economic efficiency when this leads to less electricity use by farmers, thus …

is often claimed of U.S. hospitals? Are hospitals inefficient in other respects? Do hospitals vary in efficiency? Are …

The contribution of women to labor in African agriculture is regularly quoted in the range of 60 to 80 percent. Using … individual-disaggregated, plot-level labor input data from nationally representative household surveys across six Sub …-Saharan African countries, this study estimates the average female labor share in crop production at 40 percent. It is slightly above …

subsidies for water and electricity services. Their analysis of a wide range of subsidy models from around the developing world … shows that the most common form of utility subsidy - quantity-based subsidies delivered through the tariff structure - are … effectiveness of consumption subsidy schemes to reach the poor. Simulations suggest that connection subsidies are an attractive …

a puzzle. One under-studied reason is that the design of subsidy schemes is such that households remain financially … constrained. This paper analyses whether, and how, micro-finance supports a large public health subsidy program in the developing … levels: First, micro-credit allows households officially ineligible for the subsidy to invest in sanitation by alleviating …

The paper compares the distribution of energy and food subsidies across households and the impact of subsidy reforms on …. The results show that the distribution of subsidies and the welfare effects of subsidy reforms are quite diverse across …

The paper takes stock of eight country studies and a cross-country analysis to review the experience with subsidy … reforms in the Middle East and North Africa region between 2010 and 2014. This unprecedented period of subsidy reforms …