Estimates of labor mobility costs are needed to assess the responses of employment and wages to trade shocks when … factor adjustment is costly. Available methods to estimate those costs rely on panel data, which are seldom available in … developing countries. The authors propose a method to estimate mobility costs using readily obtainable data worldwide. The …

This paper compares the impact of distance, a standard proxy for trade costs, on eBay and offline international trade …

which generates local spillovers. Tasks can be performed at home or abroad, but offshoring entails costs that vary by task …. In equilibrium, the tasks with the highest offshoring costs may not be traded. Among the remainder, those with the … relatively higher offshoring costs are performed in the country that has the higher wage and higher aggregate output. The paper …

costs of doing so. Two ways carbon emissions can be reduced post-investment include retrofitting the infrastructure, or …. Moreover, when expected energy and environmental costs are continually rising, inherent biases in the selection processes for … retrofit costs can also be substantially reduced, the more so the larger is ex ante cost uncertainty. However, the availability …