force participation and employment rates, but the effects on men were significantly larger. Thereby, tariff reductions … contributed to gender convergence in labor force participation and employment rates. Gender differences are concentrated among the …

three countries, the analysis finds evidence that youth who drop out due to a household income shock have worse employment … programs likely play an important role in the decision to exit school as well as the employment outcomes of those who exit …

not any common pattern across countries. In contrast, from the point of view of the profile of nonstable employment, there … nonstandard workers are a heterogeneous group. The increase in the incidence of nonstandard employment and its heterogeneity …

, thus leaving total employment and real wages virtually unchanged in the long run. In contrast, the estimated impacts of … agriculture, reducing employment in the long run. The paper also discusses the effect of China on the degree of informality in … these three economies and contrasts short-run and long-run effects on employment and wages across industries …