largest recruitment in the past decade, due in part to the interplay of informal institutions such as political clientelism …

Citizens in developing countries support politicians who provide patronage or clientelist benefits, such as government … patronage jobs that come at the expense of public health or education. Gift-giving is not necessarily traded off against public …

Business and politicians' interaction is pervasive but has mostly been analyzed with a binary approach, i.e. either a …

government in the developing world, where nationally appointed bureaucrats and locally elected politicians together manage the … these bureaucrats and politicians matter for the productivity of local bureaucracies. This paper addresses the empirical gap … of bureaucrats and politicians. It finds robust evidence that higher integrity among locally elected politicians is …