beliefs precedence over other aspects of belief systems. Historical work finds that doctrines of race came into their own in … emerged a "race theory that cast Britons and Indians in a relationship of absolute difference" ; and that arguments used by … Aborigines from the human race. Racial ideology shaped categories and perceptions in ways that the authors show can give rise to …

Kazakhstan's cities, and (ii) the near absence of a rental housing market outside the capital, Astana. The findings show that the …. Housing is the primary driver of the disparity: after adjusting for inflation, housing costs tripled in Astana and quadrupled … in Almaty between 2001 and 2015. As a result, housing costs for the local population in these areas are more unaffordable …

of the residents under "slum declaration." Applying a hedonic price model to an original household survey, this paper … percent of the average housing rent in slums. The associated marginal willingness to pay is equivalent to 6 percent of the … average household expenditure, although it is heterogeneous depending on a household's caste and other legal conditions. This …

Housing matters to the livability of cities and to the productivity of their economies. The failure of cities to … accommodate the housing needs of growing urban populations can be seen in the proliferation of poorly serviced, high … from policies as from economics and demographic transition. Slums have attracted most of the attention on urban housing in …

The accumulation of decent housing matters both because of the difference it makes to living standards and because of … conferring utility, decent housing improves health and enables children to do homework. It frees up women's time and enables them … hypothesis is that the peculiarity of housing exposes it to multiple points of vulnerability not found together either in private …

' welfare, poverty, and inequality when using household surveys. Exploiting previously unavailable data for the Egyptian case …

Housing is the largest durable good consumed by households. As such, any consumption-based measure of welfare, to be … first attempt to assess the distributional impact of including housing in the welfare aggregate; the paper tests two …

to measure financial protection in health. Both relate a household's out-of-pocket spending to a threshold defined in … household being above and below the poverty line. The paper provides an overview of the methods and issues arising in each case …