studies attempted to answer this question using ad hoc measures of port efficiency that do not control for the actual use of … port assets or measures that can be very noisy. To avoid these problems, this paper builds a measure of economic efficiency … Western Pacific Oceans in terms of their port efficiency, and assesses the effect of increased efficiency. It finds that …

Although keeping bank supervision independent from macroprudential supervision may ensure more checks and balances …, placing bank supervision in the central bank could exploit synergies with macroprudential supervision. This paper studies … as financial stability policy, typically entrusted to the central bank, can improve financial stability. Specifically …

This paper summarizes the latest update of the World Bank Bank Regulation and Supervision Survey. The paper explores … and summarizes the evolution in bank capital regulations, capitalization of banks, market discipline, and supervisory … crisis. Bank supervision became stricter and more complex compared with the pre?global financial crisis period. However …

The world economy has experienced four global recessions over the past seven decades: in 1975, 1982, 1991, and 2009 … internationally, with severe economic and financial disruptions in many countries around the world. The 2009 global recession, set off …

systems, weaker information-sharing mechanisms, shallower banking systems, and more restrictions on bank entry. In contrast …