This paper examines how policy governing the liner shipping sector affects maritime transport costs and seaborne trade … transport costs, strongly but unevenly. The cost-inflating effect ranges from 24 to 50 percent and trade on some routes may be …. Overall, policy restrictions may lower trade flows on specific routes by up to 46 percent and therefore deserve greater …

between East and West Berlin during the time of the Berlin Wall, and formal trade volumes are derisorily small. As a … cross-border economic activity if cross-river trade costs were reduced. Trade in locally produced goods and by small firms … would especially benefit from such reductions. Existing high trade costs mainly result from a lack of competition in cross …

-European markets in particular, as revealed in its trade performance. The analysis provides empirical support to the following … observations. First, thanks to steady expansion of trade in goods and services since the mid-1980s, Turkey has become highly … integrated into the world economy. Second, Turkey's export performance in 1996-2004 in EU markets bears strong similarities to …

paper begins by discussing the theory of international trade cooperation in electricity, with a view to discussing what …

world differently. Using a combination of static and dynamic panel data analysis, we find that while increases in trade per … the period 1975-2005, paying special attention to whether increases in global trade affect the developed and developing … se do not lead to greater territorial polarization, in combination with certain country-specific conditions, trade has a …

This paper reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on regionalism. The formation of regional trade agreements … has been, by far, the most popular form of reciprocal trade liberalization in the past 15 years. The discriminatory … character of these agreements has raised three main concerns: that trade diversion would be rampant, because special interest …

trade rules. The authors find, theoretically and empirically, that such agreements increase trade between participating … countries but not necessarily with the rest of the world. Adopting a common standard in a region-that is, harmonization … of scale in integrated markets. Mutual recognition agreements are more uniformly trade promoting unless they contain …

This paper takes a first look at the trade effects of China's Belt and Road Initiative, also referred to as the New …-referenced data and geographical information system analysis to compute the bilateral time to trade before and after the Belt and Road … Initiative. Then, it estimates the effect of improvement in bilateral time to trade on bilateral export values and trade patterns …