In many cases, the relationship between environmental pollution and economic development can be generally depicted by … an inverted U-shaped curve, or an environmental Kuznets curve, where pollution increases with income at the beginning and … and yet environmental pollution also needs to be carefully controlled. This study analyzes the impacts of economic …

In this paper the authors use a computable general equilibrium model of the Kazakhstan economy to assess the impact of … accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO), which encompasses (1) improved market access; (2) Kazakhstan tariff reduction … based on detailed questionnaires completed by specialized research institutes in Kazakhstan. They estimate that Kazakhstan …

This paper proposes a model-based approach to estimate income boundaries for identifying the middle class in Kazakhstan … over 2003-15. The approach exploits the subjective evaluation of Kazakhstan households about their social status, relating … self-declared social class membership to income. Income data come from the Kazakhstan Household Budget Survey, which also …

Kazakhstan's cities are hubs of economic opportunity and prosperity. But despite the government's ambitious targets … Kazakhstan's cities, and (ii) the near absence of a rental housing market outside the capital, Astana. The findings show that the …

required in Delhi, which would necessitate an increase in bus fares to cover the cost of pollution controls. The authors model …

This paper contributes to the debate on the existence of pollution haven effects by systematically measuring the … pollution content of trade (measured by the pollution content of imports, PCI) and decomposing it into three components - a deep … pollution haven effect which increases the PCI of the North because of stricter environmental regulations in the North. At the …

The fallout of nitrogen pollution is considered one of the largest global externalities facing the world, impacting air …, Vietnam, and 33 African countries to analyze the causal links between pollution exposure experienced during the very earliest … stages of life and later-life health. The results show that pollution exposure experienced in the critical years of …