This paper examines the potential role of civil society action in increasing state accountability for development in … relationships, to emphasize the underlying political economy drivers of accountability and implications for how civil society is … political relations between citizens, civil society, and state leadership. The evidence broadly suggests that when higher …

pressures from civil society leaders can reform local governance in a context where neither of these mechanisms operates …, one in which only village heads were trained on the framework governing village leadership, and one in which civil society … leaders were trained alongside village heads. The results suggest that horizontal pressure from civil society leaders …