higher-income countries. Efficiency has improved during the 1990s in energy and education but has not improved significantly …

) are scored in a sample of 175 countries using data from 2006-16 on education, health, and infrastructure. The paper … need more resources than others to achieve similar education, health, and infrastructure outcomes …

relevant for developing countries, where public spending on education and health is relatively low, and the state of governance … public spending can be explained by quality of governance. The authors find that public health spending lowers child and … governance, public spending on primary education becomes effective in increasing primary education attainment. These findings …

What are the current trends and main characteristics of public education spending in Indonesia? Is education spending … insufficient? Are expenditures in education efficient and equitable? This study reports the first account of Indonesia's aggregated … education enrollment. It concludes that the current challenges in Indonesia are no longer defined by the need of additional …

This paper provides an overview of research on out-of-pocket health expenditures, reviewing the various summary … and health system indicators. Large differences emerge across countries in per capita out-of-pocket expenditures in 2011 … health. The two measures of dispersion or risk -- the coefficient of variation and Q90/Q50 -- are only weakly correlated …

health. Obtaining empirical estimates of the benefits generated by the first is straightforward, not so those generated by …

This paper analyzes the effects of all-weather rural roads on households' net output prices, education and health in a … health and education at least as highly as the' commercial' ones … hospital than in the nearest primary health clinic; and (iv) the respondents ranked the resulting benefits in the domains of …

Child labor is pervasive across sub-Saharan Africa. The common assumption is that monetary poverty is its most … with the Minister of Education and with children enrich the multivariate regression results. The multiple sources of child … labor appear to include, in particular, the structure of the economy, social norms and no returns to rural basic education …

This paper explores the impact of remittances on poverty, education, and health in 11 Latin American countries using … remittances flows with respect to GDP. While remittances tend to have positive effects on education and health, this impact is … following: (1) regardless of the counterfactual used remittances appear to lower poverty levels in most recipient countries; (2 …

Indonesia's Unified Database for Social Protection Programs (UDB), among the largest targeting registries in the world, used to …