This paper examines changes in bank capital and capital regulations since the global financial crisis, in the Europe … and Central Asia region. It shows that banks in Europe and Central Asia are better capitalized, as measured by regulatory … of the definition of Tier 1 capital and reduction in risk-weights. Further analyses show that bank risk in Europe and …

and health, save for retirement, capitalize on business opportunities, and confront shocks. In the Europe and Central Asia …

, and Retirement in Europe are utilized to shed light on the main factors behind the likelihood and intensity of social … Scandinavian countries and lowest in Southern Europe. The intensity of support follows an opposite North-South gradient. In …

employment decreases from South to West to East to North. However, working without a contract is more prevalent in Eastern Europe …-cyclical in Europe. The dependent informality rate is inversely related to skills (measured by either schooling or occupation …). Both in Southern and in Western Europe, the highest dependent informality rate is found among immigrants from Central and …

global supply chain. Has Europe's growth been benefiting from the ongoing globalization of services? Services dominate growth … region, Europe has maintained specialization in service exports. Service productivity, tradability, and exports of modern …

This paper assesses the extent to which debt overhang poses a constraint to economic activity in Emerging Europe, as … imbalance problem for Emerging Europe has been in most cases more one of flows (high current account deficits in the pre … relatively low in Emerging Europe. At the microeconomic level, the potential for debt overhang in the corporate sector is limited …