This paper tests a number of hypotheses on the use and effectiveness of patents and trade secrets designed to protect … innovation. While previous studies have often considered patents and trade secrets as substitutes for one another, we investigate …

outcomes, the share of cases that is appealed, as well as the characteristics of litigants and litigated patents. A … considerable number of patents are litigated in multiple jurisdictions, but the majority of patents are subject to litigation only …

characteristics of their patent portfolios. First, companies using patents to protect their technological knowledge base receive a … higher number of citations for their patents. Second, the motive of offensive - but not of defensive - blocking is related to … a higher incidence of oppositions, whereas companies using patents as bartering chips in collaborations receive fewer …

patenting, our results further suggest that knowledge creation alliances lead to patents that are filed to protect valuable …

between patents on university-discovered inventions and university start-ups; however, it substantially decreased the volume … of patents with the largest decrease taking place in faculty-firm patenting relationships …

Classical patent literature assumes that patents grant well-defined legal rights to exclude others from practicing an … and the certification effect of patents which signals the ventures' “quality” to investors. If the decision about patent … start-up companies are reluctant to launch new products if patents are pending. Further, pending patents attract risk …