We evaluate the impact of a major European state aid program for broadband deployment applied to rural areas in the … municipalities have - depending on broadband quality - a between 16.8 and 23.2 percent higher broadband coverage than non …-aided municipalities. This increase in broadband coverage - closing the digital divide - results in an increase of on average seven …

In this paper we study how the coexistence of access regulations for legacy (copper)and fiber networks shapes the …

and broadband internet. Differentiating between wireline and wireless technologies as well as broadband availability and … broadband adoption, respectively, we review studies investigating the impacts on economic growth, employment and regional …

Unbundling of vertically integrated utilities has become an integral element in the regulation of network industries … empirical evidence that unbundling eliminates economies of vertical integration while empirical evidence on price reducing … effects is still lacking. In this paper we study the effect of legal unbundling on grid charges in the German electricity …

Ownership unbundling and third party access are discussed as two options of unbundling in both the literature and … unbundling and third party access regimes on customer prices. Substantially different results are found using dynamic rather than … static analysis. In particular, negative short term effects of ownership unbundling found in static models are approximately …

Ownership unbundling and third party access are discussed as two options of unbundling in both the literature and … unbundling and third party access regimes on customer prices. Substantially different results are found using dynamic rather than … static analysis. In particular, negative short term effects of ownership unbundling found in static models are approximately …