Czarnitzki, Dirk; Rammer, Christian; Toole, Andrew A. - 2013
typically treat these “university” spinoffs like industry startups. However, when university spinoffs involve an employment … performance premium of 3.4 percentage points higher employment growth over industry startups. The analysis also shows that the … larger stream of social benefits than industry startups, a performance premium. This paper outlines the arguments why the …