A comprehensive descriptive analysis of gender wage differences over a long time period is missing for West Germany … well as life-cycle and birth cohort effects, we go beyond conventional decomposition techniques of the average gender wage … gap. The paper provides some stylized facts of the level and dynamics of the gender wage gap from 1975-1995. The empirical …

-- Start-ups ; performance ; gender ; female entrepreneurship …

Using information on family background, we estimate returns to education, allowing for the heterogeneity of returns. In … earn lower wages, but have higher returns to education. This supports the view that persons from less-educated backgrounds … is found for the effect of gender and cohort. …

Germany in the time period 1985-2002. Returns to education are estimated using Mincer equations. We analyze microcensus data … in addition to GSOEP data, which allows estimating returns to tertiary education separately by subject of degree for the …, which is coherent with the relatively high returns to this group. One interesting finding is that each gender reaches the …

Prior to the introduction of mother tongue based education in 1994, the language of instruction for most subjects in … reading skills of birth cohorts that gained access to mother tongue-based primary education after 1994 improved significantly … by about 11 percentage points. The provision of primary education in mother tongue halved the reading skills gap between …

We study how trade liberalization affects formal employment across gender. We propose a theoretical mechanism to …

introduced in 2011. Additional investments into secondary education will, as a rule, not cause life time income to raise enough … to compensate its costs. -- Early education ; demographic change ; inequality over the life span ; redistributive policy …

. Independently of gender and skill level, the estimates affirm higher earnings to educational attainment in Germany. …