market competition. The amount of knowledge firms can absorb from other firms is made dependent on their own research efforts … positive effect on R&D efforts both under research joint venture and under research competition. Firms' propensity to …

-up firms over the period 2007-2009, we find that high-tech startups are less likely to use bank finance and face more … difficulties in raising bank finance than low-tech start-ups. We find that external credit scores do affect the availability of …-tech start-ups than low-tech start-ups. Start-ups that have their main relation with a small bank use more bank finance and …

market competition. The amount of knowledge firms can absorb is made dependent on their own research efforts, e.g. firms …-cooperating firms if spillovers are sufficiently large. The degree of market competition is a key determinant of the effects of research … cooperation on research efforts, implying that existing models which assume perfect competition might be too restrictive. …

. Our empirical investigation rests upon a survey of more than 1,100 innovative firms in Germany. Our survey puts us in the …