We analyze the treatment and impact of idiosyncratic or firm-specific risk in regulation. Regulatory authorities … regulation. In contrast, it is common to apply only a single benchmark, the weighted average cost of capital (WACC), uniformly to ….0 percentage points depending on the size of the firm (in the range of 3% to 40% of total cost of capital). Regulation of …

used to determine future prices when subject to a lower-powered regulation mechanism. The difference is particularly …

subject to a lower-powered regulation mechanism. The difference is particularly significant (about 7%) for firms in the upper …

Unbundling of vertically integrated utilities has become an integral element in the regulation of network industries … able to identify heterogeneous effects of legal unbundling for different types of price regulation, because we observe a … switch in the price regulation regime from rate-of-return regulation to incentive regulation during our observation period …

recipients' investment is less sensitive to internal liquidity. -- Research and development ; liquidity constraints ; innovation …

This study focuses on the effect of public funding on internal R&D investment and on total innovation intensity on a … whether or not governments could further foster R&D activities by extending innovation policies to currently not supported … does not uncover any systematic misallocation of public funding for the countries under review. -- Innovation ; Policy …