holders. The paper focuses on those full-term German patents of the application year 1977 which were held by West German and U ….S. residents. The most valuable patents in our data account for a large fraction of the cumulative value over all observations …

This paper tests a number of hypotheses on the use and effectiveness of patents and trade secrets designed to protect … innovation. While previous studies have often considered patents and trade secrets as substitutes for one another, we investigate …

evidence for start-up firms on the role of patents as signals to investors, in particular to Venture Capitalists. This study …&D for a panel of established firms. The results show that patents do indeed attenuate financing constraints for small firms …

observation periods. The reason for measurement errors in inventive performance is that patents are typically applied for in waves. …

by estimating and comparing the tax elasticities of two different types of intangibles - patents and trademarks. We … findings, trademarks are more sensitive to changes in taxation as compared to patents. This implies that firms use trademarks … more eagerly for tax planning purposes than patents. …

which German patent renewal fees were paid to full-term expiration in 1995. A search of subsequent U.S. and German patents … yielded a count of citations to those patents. Patents renewed to full term were significantly more valuable than patents …

between patents on university-discovered inventions and university start-ups; however, it substantially decreased the volume … of patents with the largest decrease taking place in faculty-firm patenting relationships …