innovation. While previous studies have often considered patents and trade secrets as substitutes for one another, we investigate …This paper tests a number of hypotheses on the use and effectiveness of patents and trade secrets designed to protect … the complementary role of the two protection methods. We identify protection strategies for single innovation firms and …

We analyze the impact of the probabilistic nature of patents on the functioning of Germany’s bifurcated patent … indicate that 12% of infringement cases in which the patent’s validity is challenged produce such ‘invalid but infringed …’ decisions. We also show that having to challenge a patent’s validity in separate court proceedings means that more resource …

supplemental information on IP litigation and patent portfolios. The rich survey information regarding firms’ general innovation …We contribute to the economic literature on patent litigation by taking a new perspective. In the past, scholars mostly … focused on specific litigation cases at the patent level and related technological characteristics to the event of litigation …

careers. We combine survey information spanning the inventors' entire careers and psychometric test evidence, with patent … of inventive performance such as inventor age and a broad list of applicant institution-, technology-, patent-, and …

Classical patent literature assumes that patents grant well-defined legal rights to exclude others from practicing an … and the certification effect of patents which signals the ventures’ “quality” to investors. If the decision about patent … invention. In this scenario, start-up companies benefit from the exclusive right to commercialize patent-protected inventions …

We use an exogenous change in German Federal law to examine how entrepreneurial support and the ownership of patent … of patent rights from university researchers to their universities. Based on a novel researcher-level panel database that … increase in start-up companies by university researchers. The shift in patent rights may have strengthened the relationship …

. In 2002, Germany transferred patent rights from faculty members to their universities. To identify the effect on the …

within a company group. However, the previous literature has rather focused on studying the impact of taxation on patent … by estimating and comparing the tax elasticities of two different types of intangibles - patents and trademarks. We … employ data on European and US patent and trademark applications in the period of 1996-2012 and estimate a multinomial logit …

methods. Our estimations show that the usage of both, patents and secrecy, hinders the innovation activities of firms through … disclosure requirement of patents generates some spillover and at the same time allows firms to appropriate knowledge. In this … paper we empirically analyze whether protection by secrecy or protection by patents is associated with lower knowledge …