landscapes have a higher probability of in-licensing. For firms with small patent portfolios we also find a positive association … higher innovative performance for firms that do not in-license. Furthermore, the effects of fragmentation on innovation also … appear to depend on the size of a firm’s patent portfolio. These results suggest that the effects of fragmentation of …

, but only for firms that engage in in-licensing and only for product innovation. The relationship between fragmentation and … innovative performance also depends on the size of a firm's patent portfolio, which suggests an important strategic role for …

competition towards competition based on technical inventions, a worldwide surge in patenting took place, and the patent thicket …

innovation. While previous studies have often considered patents and trade secrets as substitutes for one another, we investigate … the complementary role of the two protection methods. We identify protection strategies for single innovation firms and … for the same innovation or for different innovations. Employing firm panel data from Germany, we find fairly few …

Classical patent literature assumes that patents grant well-defined legal rights to exclude others from practicing an … invention. In this scenario, start-up companies benefit from the exclusive right to commercialize patent-protected inventions … and the certification effect of patents which signals the ventures’ “quality” to investors. If the decision about patent …

revenues from advertisers. An extension of the model by illegal file-sharing shows that an increase in copyright enforcement …

from advertisers. An extension of the model by illegal file-sharing reveals that an increase in copyright enforcement …