Technological sovereignty can be defined as the ability of a country to guarantee access at all times to the key technologies that are necessary to meet social priorities and needs. Despite having different competences, the countries analyzed focus largely on the same fields of technology that...

Employment adjustments to automation vary across industries, regions, technologies, and time. Technological penetration of robots is related to higher employment within the industry in low-tech regions in the short run. Robots are negatively correlated to employment in knowledge-intensive...

The challenges associated with today’s green transition echo dynamics during past energy revolutions. Improvements in energy efficiency and sobriety can be part of a decarbonization strategy but with muted impact. An effective and credible climate policy must be chiefly targeted at...

Research and Development (R&D) is crucial to secure continued economic growth and prosperity. Private sector investments in R&D are typically too low, which constitutes a market failure. Governments use R&D tax credit schemes to compensate for this failure. Input-based tax credit schemes and...

We examine how inequality evolved in Germany during the 1983-2020 period. Labor market participation of women increased significantly, while average weekly working hours of women changed little. Gender differences in earnings are still pervasive and more pronounced for individuals with children....

Historical experience suggests that network infrastructure can be reoriented and reconstructed relatively quickly in postwar Ukraine, with the central government playing a coordinating role. Repair of the housing stock may take longer, and chronic housing shortages leading to inadequate labor...

We characterize regional inequality in gross incomes at the municipality level in Germany using data from administrative tax returns for the period 1998-2016. More unequal municipalities are more likely to be urban and located in West Germany. Decomposing the increase in inequality in the last...

Data skills are required in every fifth online job advertisement in Germany. Demand for data skills is increasing over time and heterogenous between sectors. Companies from the ICT sector demand more advanced data skills in every second job advertisement. Sectors that are advanced in...

Nuclear stretching operation in Germany until April 15, 2023 brings down German (European) power prices by 6.01 percent (1.51 percent) until April 15, 2023 and by 2.98 percent (0.65 percent) in 2023, saving 4.8 TWH (8.6 TWh) of natural gas and 3.3 Mt (4.5 Mt) of CO2 emissions in 2023. Nuclear...