The Kyoto Protocol of December 1997 allows emission trade between countries that have committed themselves to an emission ceiling. This paper considers two schemes of emission trading: trade between goverments and trade between emision sources. The two schemes are analyzed and the strengths and...

This paper analyzes what the effect of the inclusion of emissions trading in an international environmental agreement has on the abatement commitments of the trading countries and on aggregate emissions. We discuss, in a very general model, both the case where countries non-cooperatively set...