, exchange rate, inflation rate, and velocity of circulation. In addition, mutual effects among these determinants. The monetary …

English Abstract: The paper proposes a simplified model of ribā, both ribā al- nasī'ah (debt ribā), and ribā al- faḍl … commodities and increase in their prices. The model is then applied to debt ribā to analyze its economic consequences. The paper …

are the continuous high costs, direct and indirect taxation, inefficient macroeconomic policies and rampant inflation …. Formal and informal financing, are vital for the revival of the agricultural sector. However, with the continuous inflation … the short terms. The solutions are framed in the macroeconomic adjustments, e.g., minimizing inflation, zero-tax mode and …