Risk in the sense of potential negative outcome is inherent to managerial action. In the lastdecade, an increasing focus has been put in theory as well as practice on the conceptual designof risk management and risk controlling systems, even though no clear concept exists up tonow on how a risk...

In this qualitative sociological and quantitative economic policy paper, we start out from the assumption of a very recent European Commission Background paper on the "Efficiency and effectiveness of social spending", which says the effectiveness of social spending can be defined by the degree...