by falling poverty and fairly stable, or even declining, income inequality. Subsequently, from about the mid-1970s … onwards, a cumulative process of non-farm diversification took hold, and was accompanied by further growth and poverty decline … growth in inequality and has played a particularly pronounced role in reducing poverty. …

This paper implements a methodology for estimating poverty in Ecuador, Madagascar and South Africa, at levels of … so on. Yet the paper demonstrates that in all three countries the poverty estimates produced from census data are both …