interaction with child quantity-quality substitution, a decline in fertility. Using unique new data for 21 OECD countries over the …, indicators for child labor, compulsory schooling, and time- and countryfixed effects, we establish a strong positive impact of … the child quantity-quality substitution that can be motivated by technological change. We estimate that a 10 percent …

innovatively employing population policies in the early 1970s and the sex of the eldest child within families as plausibly … senior age, e.g. having one more child significantly reduces post-retirement aged rural parents' probability of working by 12 …